Literature
- Humann, P. 1993. Reef Coral Identification - Florida Caribbean Bahamas, (ed. N. Deloach). New World Publications, Inc., Paramount Miller Graphics, Inc., Jacksonville, Florida.
- Vermeij, M.J.A. 2002. Evolutionary Ecology of the Coral Genus Madracis on Caribbean Reefs. Ph-D thesis, UvA.